The secondary load-bearing steel beams for factory floor slabs and roofing systems are designed to work in conjunction with primary beams to form a complete, integrated, and highly efficient roof and floor framing system that evenly distributes loads, enhances overall structural stability, and optimizes material usage across industrial buildings. These secondary beams, often referred to as purlins for roofs or joists for floors, are strategically positioned between the main girders or columns, serving as intermediate support members that carry the loads from decking, insulation, roofing sheets, and floor finishes, and transfer these forces to the primary structural elements. The secondary beams are fabricated from cold-formed or hot-rolled steel sections, with a variety of profile options including C-channels, Z-sections, and I-beams, selected based on span length, loading requirements, and economic considerations. Their standardized design and repetitive arrangement simplify fabricati…